Dieu HT, Dibley MJ, Sibbritt DW, Hanh TT Trends in overweight and obesity in pre-school children in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from 2002 to 2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009 May;12(5):702-9. doi: 10.1017/S1368980008003017. Epub 2008 Jul 29.
Do LM, Tran TK, Eriksson B, Petzold M, Nguyen CT, Ascher H Preschool overweight and obesity in urban and rural Vietnam: differences in prevalence and associated factors. Glob Health Action. 2015 Oct 8;8:28615. doi: 10.3402/gha.v8.28615. eCollection 2015.
Doyle MA, Singer J, Lee T, Muir M, Cooper C Improving treatment and liver fibrosis outcomes with metformin in HCV-HIV co-infected and HCV mono-infected patients with insulin resistance: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016 Jul 20;17(1):331. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1454-6.
Harris K, Smith L Safety and efficacy of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C. Ann Pharmacother. 2013 Oct;47(10):1348-52. doi: 10.1177/1060028013503108.
Khan IM, Malik BR, Randhawa FA, Butt NF, Malik U, Hamid S Comparison of metformin and pioglitazone in achieving sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients with insulin resistance: A quasi-experimental study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017 Dec;67(12):1848-1852.
Nguyen PV, Hong TK, Hoang T, Nguyen DT, Robert AR High prevalence of overweight among adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. BMC Public Health. 2013 Feb 15;13:141. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-141.
Pastor-Villaescusa B, Canete MD, Villarraso-Caballero J, et al Metformin for Obesity in Prepubertal and Pubertal Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2017;140 (1):e20164285. Pediatrics. 2017 Nov;140(5):e20172555. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2555. No abstract available.
Zulkipli MS, Dahlui M, Jamil N, Peramalah D, Wai HVC, Bulgiba A, Rampal S The association between obesity and dengue severity among pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Feb 7;12(2):e0006263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006263. eCollection 2018 Feb.
Metformin as Adjunctive Therapy in Overweight and Obese Patients With Dengue: an Open-label Safety and Tolerability Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
