El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Froguel P From obesity genetics to the future of personalized obesity therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013 Jul;9(7):402-13. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.57. Epub 2013 Mar 26. Erratum In: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Jan;10(1):4.
Ford AL, Hunt LP, Cooper A, Shield JP What reduction in BMI SDS is required in obese adolescents to improve body composition and cardiometabolic health? Arch Dis Child. 2010 Apr;95(4):256-61. doi: 10.1136/adc.2009.165340. Epub 2009 Dec 4.
Gurdasani D, Barroso I, Zeggini E, Sandhu MS Genomics of disease risk in globally diverse populations. Nat Rev Genet. 2019 Sep;20(9):520-535. doi: 10.1038/s41576-019-0144-0. Epub 2019 Jun 24. Erratum In: Nat Rev Genet. 2019 Jul 3;:
Sun C, Kovacs P, Guiu-Jurado E Genetics of Obesity in East Asians. Front Genet. 2020 Oct 20;11:575049. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.575049. eCollection 2020.
Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Jul;10(7):431-42. doi: 10.1038/nrg2594.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
