Carlson SJ, Andrews MS, Bickel GW Measuring food insecurity and hunger in the United States: development of a national benchmark measure and prevalence estimates. J Nutr. 1999 Feb;129(2S Suppl):510S-516S. doi: 10.1093/jn/129.2.510S.
Forrest KYZ, Leeds MJ, Ufelle AC Epidemiology of Obesity in the Hispanic Adult Population in the United States. Fam Community Health. 2017 Oct/Dec;40(4):291-297. doi: 10.1097/FCH.0000000000000160.
Hernandez DC, Reesor LM, Murillo R Food insecurity and adult overweight/obesity: Gender and race/ethnic disparities. Appetite. 2017 Oct 1;117:373-378. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.010. Epub 2017 Jul 22.
Kamdar N, Rozmus CL, Grimes DE, Meininger JC Ethnic/Racial Comparisons in Strategies Parents Use to Cope with Food Insecurity: A Systematic Review of Published Research. J Immigr Minor Health. 2019 Feb;21(1):175-188. doi: 10.1007/s10903-018-0720-y.
Mousa TY, Freeland-Graves JH Food security of food recipients of a food pantry and soup kitchen. Public Health Nutr. 2019 Jun;22(8):1451-1460. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018003658. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
