Obesity — Placebo Breakfast Consumption, Appetite and Food Intake
Citation(s)
Astbury NM, Taylor MA, Macdonald IA Breakfast consumption affects appetite, energy intake, and the metabolic and endocrine responses to foods consumed later in the day in male habitual breakfast eaters. J Nutr. 2011 Jul;141(7):1381-9. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.128645. Epub 2011 May 11.
Chowdhury EA, Richardson JD, Tsintzas K, Thompson D, Betts JA Carbohydrate-rich breakfast attenuates glycaemic, insulinaemic and ghrelin response to ad libitum lunch relative to morning fasting in lean adults. Br J Nutr. 2015 Jul 14;114(1):98-107. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515001506. Epub 2015 May 25.
Chowdhury EA, Richardson JD, Tsintzas K, Thompson D, Betts JA Effect of extended morning fasting upon ad libitum lunch intake and associated metabolic and hormonal responses in obese adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016 Feb;40(2):305-11. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.154. Epub 2015 Aug 17.
Clayton DJ, Barutcu A, Machin C, Stensel DJ, James LJ Effect of Breakfast Omission on Energy Intake and Evening Exercise Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Dec;47(12):2645-52. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000702.
Clayton DJ, James LJ The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance. Proc Nutr Soc. 2016 Aug;75(3):319-27. doi: 10.1017/S0029665115004243. Epub 2015 Dec 14. Review.
Levitsky DA, Pacanowski CR Effect of skipping breakfast on subsequent energy intake. Physiol Behav. 2013 Jul 2;119:9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.006. Epub 2013 May 11.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
