Obesity — Ambulation With Labor Epidural in Obese Women
Citation(s)
Collis RE, Harding SA, Morgan BM Effect of maternal ambulation on labour with low-dose combined spinal-epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia. 1999 Jun;54(6):535-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00802.x.
Karraz MA Ambulatory epidural anesthesia and the duration of labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Feb;80(2):117-22. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00339-9.
Nuthalapaty FS, Rouse DJ, Owen J The association of maternal weight with cesarean risk, labor duration, and cervical dilation rate during labor induction. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Mar;103(3):452-6. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000102706.84063.C7. Erratum In: Obstet Gynecol. 2004 May;103(5 Pt 1):1019.
Vahratian A, Zhang J, Troendle JF, Savitz DA, Siega-Riz AM Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the pattern of labor progression in term nulliparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Nov;104(5 Pt 1):943-51. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000142713.53197.91.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
