Obesity — Ketamine and Propofol Combination Versus Propofol for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Citation(s)
Dal T, Sazak H, Tunç M, Sahin S, Yilmaz A A comparison of ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-propofol combinations used for sedation in the endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a prospective, single-blind, randomized study. J Thorac Dis. 2014 Jun;6(6):742-51. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.10.
Newton A, Fitton L Intravenous ketamine for adult procedural sedation in the emergency department: a prospective cohort study. Emerg Med J. 2008 Aug;25(8):498-501. doi: 10.1136/emj.2007.053421.
Pambianco DJ Future directions in endoscopic sedation. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008 Oct;18(4):789-99, x. doi: 10.1016/j.giec.2008.06.004. Review.
Sih K, Campbell SG, Tallon JM, Magee K, Zed PJ Ketamine in adult emergency medicine: controversies and recent advances. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Dec;45(12):1525-34. doi: 10.1345/aph.1Q370. Epub 2011 Dec 6. Review.
Street MH, Gerard JM A fixed-dose ketamine protocol for adolescent sedations in a pediatric emergency department. J Pediatr. 2014 Sep;165(3):453-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.03.021. Epub 2014 Apr 20.
Tandon M, Pandey VK, Dubey GK, Pandey CK, Wadhwa N Addition of sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine reduces gag reflex during propofol based sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A prospective randomised double-blind study. Indian J Anaesth. 2014 Jul;58(4):436-41. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.138981.
Ketamine and Propofol Combination Versus Propofol for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
