Obesity — The Effects of Orange Juice on Plasma Lipids
Citation(s)
Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, Hu FB Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jul;31(7):1311-7. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0080. Epub 2008 Apr 4.
Fujioka K, Greenway F, Sheard J, Ying Y The effects of grapefruit on weight and insulin resistance: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. J Med Food. 2006 Spring;9(1):49-54.
O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA A review of the relationship between 100% fruit juice consumption and weight in children and adolescents. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2(4): 315-354, 2008.
Simpson EJ, Mendis B, Macdonald IA Orange juice consumption and its effect on blood lipid profile and indices of the metabolic syndrome; a randomised, controlled trial in an at-risk population. Food Funct. 2016 Apr;7(4):1884-91. doi: 10.1039/c6fo00039h.
An Investigation Into the Effects of Orange Juice on Plasma Lipids - an Extension to J/06/2010
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
