Cooper R, Rotimi C Hypertension in blacks. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Jul;10(7 Pt 1):804-12. Review.
Cooper RS, Cheng HY, Rotimi C Basal and stimulated platelet calcium and sodium in hypertensive versus normotensive black people. J Hum Hypertens. 1995 Sep;9(9):747-52.
Freeman V, Rotimi C, Cooper R Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among African Americans in the 1990s: estimates from the Maywood Cardiovascular Survey. Am J Prev Med. 1996 May-Jun;12(3):177-85.
Kaufman JS, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Rotimi CN, McGee DL, Cooper RS Obesity and hypertension prevalence in populations of African origin. The Investigators of the International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Epidemiology. 1996 Jul;7(4):398-405.
Kaufman JS, Owoaje EE, James SA, Rotimi CN, Cooper RS Determinants of hypertension in West Africa: contribution of anthropometric and dietary factors to urban-rural and socioeconomic gradients. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Jun 15;143(12):1203-18.
Kaufman JS, Tracy JA, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cooper RS Lifestyle, education, and prevalence of hypertension in populations of African origin. Results from the International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks. Ann Epidemiol. 1997 Jan;7(1):22-7.
Luke A, Wu X, Zhu X, Kan D, Su Y, Cooper R Linkage for BMI at 3q27 region confirmed in an African-American population. Diabetes. 2003 May;52(5):1284-7. Erratum in: Diabetes. 2003 Sep;52(9):2449.
Mendez MA, Wynter S, Wilks R, Forrester T Under- and overreporting of energy is related to obesity, lifestyle factors and food group intakes in Jamaican adults. Public Health Nutr. 2004 Feb;7(1):9-19.
Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Prewitt TE, Rotimi CN The relation of central adiposity to components of the insulin resistance syndrome in a biracial US population sample. Ethn Dis. 1999 Spring-Summer;9(2):218-29.
Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, Choi S, Cooper RS Predictive values of waist circumference for dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and hypertension in overweight White, Black, and Hispanic American adults. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000 Apr;53(4):401-8.
Okosun IS, Liao Y, Rotimi CN, Dever GE, Cooper RS Impact of birth weight on ethnic variations in subcutaneous and central adiposity in American children aged 5-11 years. A study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Apr;24(4):479-84.
Rotimi C, Cooper R Familial resemblance for anthropometric measurements and relative fat distribution among African Americans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995 Dec;19(12):875-80.
Zhu X, Cooper RS Linkage disequilibrium analysis of the renin-angiotensin system genes. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2003 Feb;5(1):40-6. Review.
Zhu X, Fejerman L, Luke A, Adeyemo A, Cooper RS Haplotypes produced from rare variants in the promoter and coding regions of angiotensinogen contribute to variation in angiotensinogen levels. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Mar 1;14(5):639-43. Epub 2005 Jan 13.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.