Obesity — Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in The NAS-NRC Twin Registry
Citation(s)
Carmelli D, Cardon LR, Fabsitz R Clustering of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in adult male twins: same genes or same environments? Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Sep;55(3):566-73.
Carmelli D, Heath AC, Robinette D Genetic analysis of drinking behavior in World War II veteran twins. Genet Epidemiol. 1993;10(3):201-13.
Carmelli D, Robinette D, Fabsitz R Concordance, discordance and prevalence of hypertension in World War II male veteran twins. J Hypertens. 1994 Mar;12(3):323-8.
Carmelli D, Swan GE, Cardon LR Genetic mediation in the relationship of education to cognitive function in older people. Psychol Aging. 1995 Mar;10(1):48-53.
Carmelli D, Swan GE, Robinette D The relationship between quitting smoking and changes in drinking in World War II veteran twins. J Subst Abuse. 1993;5(2):103-16.
Swan GE, Carmelli D Characteristics associated with excessive weight gain after smoking cessation in men. Am J Public Health. 1995 Jan;85(1):73-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
