Obesity, Abdominal — Effect of Body Position on Spirometry in Abdominal Obesity.
Citation(s)
Al Ghobain M The effect of obesity on spirometry tests among healthy non-smoking adults. BMC Pulm Med. 2012 Mar 21;12:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2466-12-10.
Bae J, Ting EY, Giuffrida JG The effect of changes in the body position obsese patients on pulmonary volume and ventilatory function. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1976 Sep;52(7):830-7.
BLAIR E, HICKAM JB The effect of change in body position on lung volume and intrapulmonary gas mixing in normal subjects. J Clin Invest. 1955 Mar;34(3):383-9.
Chen Y, Rennie D, Cormier YF, Dosman J Waist circumference is associated with pulmonary function in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;85(1):35-9.
Guilbert JJ The world health report 2002 - reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2003 Jul;16(2):230.
Harik-Khan RI, Wise RA, Fleg JL The effect of gender on the relationship between body fat distribution and lung function. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001 Apr;54(4):399-406.
Koenig SM Pulmonary complications of obesity. Am J Med Sci. 2001 Apr;321(4):249-79. Review.
Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA. 1994 Jul 20;272(3):205-11.
Lechtzin N, Wiener CM, Shade DM, Clawson L, Diette GB Spirometry in the supine position improves the detection of diaphragmatic weakness in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Chest. 2002 Feb;121(2):436-42.
Magnani KL, Cataneo AJ Respiratory muscle strength in obese individuals and influence of upper-body fat distribution. Sao Paulo Med J. 2007 Jul 5;125(4):215-9.
Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993 Mar;16:5-40. Review.
Saxena Y, Sidhwani G, Upmanyu R Abdominal obesity and pulmonary functions in young Indian adults: a prospective study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct-Dec;53(4):318-26.
Teixeira AB, Mathias LA, Saad Junior R The influence of posture on spirometric values in grade III obese patients. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2011 Nov-Dec;61(6):713-9. doi: 10.1016/S0034-7094(11)70080-0. English, Multiple languages.
TUCKER DH, SIEKER HO The effect of change in body position on lung volumes and intrapulmonary gas mixing in patients with obesity, heart failure, and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1960 Dec;82:787-91.
Wing RR, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P Waist to hip ratio in middle-aged women. Associations with behavioral and psychosocial factors and with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991 Sep-Oct;11(5):1250-7.
Effect of Body Position on Spirometry in Abdominal Obesity.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.