Chaffee BW, Weston SJ Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2010 Dec;81(12):1708-24. doi: 10.1902/jop.2010.100321. Epub 2010 Aug 19. Review.
Khambalia AZ, Seen LS Trends in overweight and obese adults in Malaysia (1996-2009): a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2010 Jun;11(6):403-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00728.x. Epub 2010 Mar 11. Review.
Kussmann M, Raymond F, Affolter M OMICS-driven biomarker discovery in nutrition and health. J Biotechnol. 2006 Aug 5;124(4):758-87. Epub 2006 Apr 4. Review.
Page RC The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res. 1991 May;26(3 Pt 2):230-42. Review.
Price RA, Reed DR, Guido NJ Resemblance for body mass index in families of obese African American and European American women. Obes Res. 2000 Aug;8(5):360-6.
Suvan J, D'Aiuto F, Moles DR, Petrie A, Donos N Association between overweight/obesity and periodontitis in adults. A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011 May;12(5):e381-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00808.x. Epub 2011 Feb 23. Review.
Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999 Apr;19(4):972-8.
Relationship Between Obesity and Periodontal Disease
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
