Deniz Dogan S, Karacay Yikar S, Arslan S, Nazik E The Effect of Nail Polish and Henna on the Measures of Pulse Oximeters in Healthy Persons. J Perianesth Nurs. 2021 Oct;36(5):532-535. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2020.10.013. Epub 2021 Apr 26.
Hakverdioglu Yont G, Akin Korhan E, Dizer B The effect of nail polish on pulse oximetry readings. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2014 Apr;30(2):111-5. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.08.003. Epub 2013 Sep 17.
Yeganehkhah M, Dadkhahtehrani T, Bagheri A, Kachoie A Effect of Glittered Nail Polish on Pulse Oximetry Measurements in Healthy Subjects. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019 Jan-Feb;24(1):25-29. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_176_17.
Effect of Shellac Nail Polish Application on Pulse Oximetry Measurements in Healthy Individuals
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
