Nursing Caries — Male Circumcision and Comfort Theory
Citation(s)
Dowd T, Kolcaba K, Steiner R, Fashinpaur D Comparison of a healing touch, coaching, and a combined intervention on comfort and stress in younger college students. Holist Nurs Pract. 2007 Jul-Aug;21(4):194-202.
Dowd T, Kolcaba K Two interventions to relieve stress in college students. Beginnings. 2007 Winter;27(1):10-1.
Kolcaba K, DiMarco MA Comfort Theory and its application to pediatric nursing. Pediatr Nurs. 2005 May-Jun;31(3):187-94. Review.
Kolcaba K, Tilton C, Drouin C Comfort Theory: a unifying framework to enhance the practice environment. J Nurs Adm. 2006 Nov;36(11):538-44.
Wagner D, Byrne M, Kolcaba K Effects of comfort warming on preoperative patients. AORN J. 2006 Sep;84(3):427-48.
The Effect of Nursing Care Based on Kolcaba's Comfort Theory to the Comfort and Components of the Child and Parents Who Are Planned for Male Circumcision Operation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
