Akbas M, Oztunç G Examination of knowledge about and nursing interventions for the care of patients in pain of nurses who work at Cukurova University medical faculty Balcali hospital. Pain Manag Nurs. 2008 Sep;9(3):88-95. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2008.02.004.
Al-Shaer D, Hill PD, Anderson MA Nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain assessment and intervention. Medsurg Nurs. 2011 Jan-Feb;20(1):7-11.
Charalambous A, Zorpas M, Cloconi C, Kading Y Healthcare professionals' perceptions on the use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of cancer-related pain in Cyprus: A mixed-method study. SAGE Open Med. 2019 Apr 4;7:2050312119841823. doi: 10.1177/2050312119841823. eCollection 2019.
Costello M, Thompson S Preventing Opioid Misuse and Potential Abuse: The Nurse's Role in Patient Education. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Aug;16(4):515-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.09.008. Epub 2014 Dec 8.
de Freitas GR, de Castro CG Jr, Castro SM, Heineck I Degree of knowledge of health care professionals about pain management and use of opioids in pediatrics. Pain Med. 2014 May;15(5):807-19. doi: 10.1111/pme.12332. Epub 2014 Jan 8.
Gorawara-Bhat R, Wong A, Dale W, Hogan T Nurses' perceptions of pain management for older-patients in the Emergency Department: A qualitative study. Patient Educ Couns. 2017 Feb;100(2):231-241. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.019. Epub 2016 Aug 29.
Karaman E, Vural Dogru B, Yildirim Y Knowledge and attitudes of nursing students about pain management. Agri. 2019 Apr;31(2):70-78. doi: 10.5505/agri.2018.10437.
Kastanias P, Snaith KE, Robinson S Patient-controlled oral analgesia: a low-tech solution in a high-tech world. Pain Manag Nurs. 2006 Sep;7(3):126-32.
Reagan KML, O'Sullivan DM, Gannon R, Steinberg AC Decreasing postoperative narcotics in reconstructive pelvic surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;217(3):325.e1-325.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.05.041. Epub 2017 May 25.
Samarkandi OA Knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward pain management. Saudi J Anaesth. 2018 Apr-Jun;12(2):220-226. doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_587_17.
Textor LH, Porock D The pain management knowledge of nurses practicing in a rural midwest retirement community. J Nurses Staff Dev. 2006 Nov-Dec;22(6):307-12.
Tomaszek L, Debska G Knowledge, compliance with good clinical practices and barriers to effective control of postoperative pain among nurses from hospitals with and without a "Hospital without Pain" certificate. J Clin Nurs. 2018 Apr;27(7-8):1641-1652. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14215. Epub 2018 Mar 2.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
