Nocturnal Enuresis — TENS Treatment for Bedwetting
Citation(s)
Alcantara AC, Mello MJ, Costa e Silva EJ, Silva BB, Ribeiro Neto JP Transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation for the treatment of urinary urgency or urge-incontinence in children and adolescents: a Phase II clinica. J Bras Nefrol. 2015 Jul-Sep;37(3):422-6. doi: 10.5935/0101-2800.20150065. English, Portuguese.
Barroso U Jr, Lordelo P, Lopes AA, Andrade J, Macedo A Jr, Ortiz V Nonpharmacological treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction using biofeedback and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: a pilot study. BJU Int. 2006 Jul;98(1):166-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06264.x.
Barroso U Jr, Viterbo W, Bittencourt J, Farias T, Lordelo P Posterior tibial nerve stimulation vs parasacral transcutaneous neuromodulation for overactive bladder in children. J Urol. 2013 Aug;190(2):673-7. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.034. Epub 2013 Feb 16.
Bjorkstrom G, Hellstrom AL, Andersson S Electro-acupuncture in the treatment of children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2000 Feb;34(1):21-6. doi: 10.1080/003655900750016832.
Bouali O, Even L, Mouttalib S, Moscovici J, Galinier P, Game X [Tibial nerve transcutaneous stimulation for refractory idiopathic overactive bladder in children and adolescents]. Prog Urol. 2015 Sep;25(11):665-72. doi: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 May 26. French.
Bower WF, Wong EMC, Yeung CK Development of a validated quality of life tool specific to children with bladder dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(3):221-227. doi: 10.1002/nau.20171.
Chen ML, Chermansky CJ, Shen B, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC, Tai C Electrical stimulation of somatic afferent nerves in the foot increases bladder capacity in healthy human subjects. J Urol. 2014 Apr;191(4):1009-13. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.10.024. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
Chen YJ, Zhou GY, Jin JH [Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with auricular acupoint sticking for treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2010 May;30(5):371-4. Chinese.
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Sharma M, Aggarwal V, Bahadur R, Gupta R Burns secondary to improper usage of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: a case report. Pb J Ortho. 2011;12(1):72-3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
