Bherer L, Erickson KI, Liu-Ambrose T A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. J Aging Res. 2013;2013:657508. doi: 10.1155/2013/657508. Epub 2013 Sep 11.
Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2014 May 27;14:510. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-510.
Cheng ST, Chow PK, Song YQ, Yu EC, Chan AC, Lee TM, Lam JH Mental and physical activities delay cognitive decline in older persons with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;22(1):63-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.060. Epub 2013 Feb 6.
Colcombe S, Kramer AF Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003 Mar;14(2):125-30. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430.
Haeger A, Costa AS, Schulz JB, Reetz K Cerebral changes improved by physical activity during cognitive decline: A systematic review on MRI studies. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;23:101933. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101933. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Oct;85(10):1694-704. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019.
Kolb, B , & Whishaw, I. Q. (2009). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. Macmillan.
Kwak YS, Um SY, Son TG, Kim DJ Effect of regular exercise on senile dementia patients. Int J Sports Med. 2008 Jun;29(6):471-4. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964853. Epub 2007 Nov 30.
Langlois F, Vu TT, Chasse K, Dupuis G, Kergoat MJ, Bherer L Benefits of physical exercise training on cognition and quality of life in frail older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013 May;68(3):400-4. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs069. Epub 2012 Aug 28.
Sampaio A, Marques EA, Mota J, Carvalho J Effects of a multicomponent exercise program in institutionalized elders with Alzheimer's disease. Dementia (London). 2019 Feb;18(2):417-431. doi: 10.1177/1471301216674558. Epub 2016 Oct 18.
WHO (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: at a glance. Williams, N. (2017). The Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Occupational Medicine, 67(5), 404-405
Zhu L, Li L, Wang L, Jin X, Zhang H Physical Activity for Executive Function and Activities of Daily Living in AD Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2020 Dec 3;11:560461. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560461. eCollection 2020.
Home-Based Exercise in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Pilot Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.