Krams M, Hero B, Berthold F, Parwaresch R, Harms D, Rudolph P Proliferation marker KI-S5 discriminates between favorable and adverse prognosis in advanced stages of neuroblastoma with and without MYCN amplification. Cancer. 2002 Feb 1;94(3):854-61.
Simon T, Hero B, Bongartz R, Schmidt M, Müller RP, Berthold F Intensified external-beam radiation therapy improves the outcome of stage 4 neuroblastoma in children > 1 year with residual local disease. Strahlenther Onkol. 2006 Jul;182(7):389-94.
Spitz R, Hero B, Ernestus K, Berthold F Deletions in chromosome arms 3p and 11q are new prognostic markers in localized and 4s neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jan;9(1):52-8.
Spitz R, Hero B, Ernestus K, Berthold F FISH analyses for alterations in chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 11 define high-risk groups in neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003 Jul;41(1):30-5.
Spitz R, Hero B, Ernestus K, Berthold F Gain of distal chromosome arm 17q is not associated with poor prognosis in neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Oct 15;9(13):4835-40.
von Schweinitz D, Hero B, Berthold F The impact of surgical radicality on outcome in childhood neuroblastoma. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2002 Dec;12(6):402-9.
Neuroblastoma Study Phase II Study of Various Therapies in Patients With Neuroblastoma
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
