Hisada Y, Mackman N Cancer-associated pathways and biomarkers of venous thrombosis. Blood. 2017 Sep 28;130(13):1499-1506. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-743211. Epub 2017 Aug 14.
Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood. 2008 May 15;111(10):4902-7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-116327. Epub 2008 Jan 23.
Kim AS, Khorana AA, McCrae KR Mechanisms and biomarkers of cancer-associated thrombosis. Transl Res. 2020 Nov;225:33-53. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.06.012. Epub 2020 Jul 6.
Lloyd AJ, Dewilde S, Noble S, Reimer E, Lee AYY What Impact Does Venous Thromboembolism and Bleeding Have on Cancer Patients' Quality of Life? Value Health. 2018 Apr;21(4):449-455. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.09.015. Epub 2017 Nov 10.
Mahajan A, Brunson A, White R, Wun T The Epidemiology of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: An Update. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2019 Jun;45(4):321-325. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1688494. Epub 2019 Apr 30.
Mulder FI, Bosch FTM, van Es N Primary Thromboprophylaxis in Ambulatory Cancer Patients: Where Do We Stand? Cancers (Basel). 2020 Feb 5;12(2):367. doi: 10.3390/cancers12020367.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
