Negative Dysphotopsia — Comparison of Haptic Orientation in Negative Dysphotopsia
Citation(s)
Burke TR, Benjamin L Sulcus-fixated intraocular lens implantation for the management of negative dysphotopsia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014 Sep;40(9):1469-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.11.037.
Masket S, Fram NR Pseudophakic negative dysphotopsia: Surgical management and new theory of etiology. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Jul;37(7):1199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.02.022.
Narváez J, Banning CS, Stulting RD Negative dysphotopsia associated with implantation of the Z9000 intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005 Apr;31(4):846-7.
Osher RH Negative dysphotopsia: long-term study and possible explanation for transient symptoms. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008 Oct;34(10):1699-707. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.06.026.
Trattler WB, Whitsett JC, Simone PA Negative dysphotopsia after intraocular lens implantation irrespective of design and material. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005 Apr;31(4):841-5.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
