Neck Pain — A Comparison Study Between Contrast Spread and Loss of Resistance Techniques
Citation(s)
Doan L, Patel H, Aronova Y, Gharibo C Variations in Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection Practice Patterns by Interventional Pain Management Physicians in the United States. Pain Physician. 2018 Sep;21(5):E493-E499.
Kim SW, Kim YM, Kim SH, Chung MH, Choi YR, Choi EM Comparison of loss of resistance technique between Epidrum® and conventional method for identifying the epidural space. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2012 Apr;62(4):322-6. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2012.62.4.322. Epub 2
Perper Y Contrast spread technique. Pain Med. 2015 Apr;16(4):827-8. doi: 10.1111/pme.12650. Epub 2015 Feb 4.
Perper Y Contrast Spread Technique: Evolution. Pain Med. 2016 Jul;17(7):1385-1386. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv100. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
Sawada A, Kii N, Yoshikawa Y, Yamakage M Epidrum(®): a new device to identify the epidural space with an epidural Tuohy needle. J Anesth. 2012 Apr;26(2):292-5. doi: 10.1007/s00540-011-1278-1. Epub 2011 Nov 13.
Identification of Epidural Space: A Comparison Study Between Contrast Spread and Loss of Resistance Techniques
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
