Kam PC, Kavanagh R, Yoong FF The arterial tourniquet: pathophysiological consequences and anaesthetic implications. Anaesthesia. 2001 Jun;56(6):534-45. Review. Erratum in: Anaesthesia 2001 Aug;56(8):821. Kavanaugh R [corrected to Kavanagh R].
Kruse H, Christensen KP, Møller AM, Gögenur I Tourniquet use during ankle surgery leads to increased postoperative opioid use. J Clin Anesth. 2015 Aug;27(5):380-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2015.03.034. Epub 2015 May 12.
Nicholas SJ, Tyler TF, McHugh MP, Gleim GW The effect on leg strength of tourniquet use during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A prospective randomized study. Arthroscopy. 2001 Jul;17(6):603-7.
Smith TO, Hing CB The efficacy of the tourniquet in foot and ankle surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Foot Ankle Surg. 2010 Mar;16(1):3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2009.03.006. Epub 2009 May 27. Review.
Tai TW, Lin CJ, Jou IM, Chang CW, Lai KA, Yang CY Tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011 Jul;19(7):1121-30. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1342-7. Epub 2010 Dec 15. Review.
Tuncali B, Boya H, Kayhan Z, Araç S, Çamurdan MA Clinical utilization of arterial occlusion pressure estimation method in lower limb surgery: effectiveness of tourniquet pressures. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2016;50(2):171-7. doi: 10.3944/AOTT.2015.15.0
Effect of the Use of Tourniquet in the Thigh: a Biomechanical Analysis on the Muscular Function of the Quadriceps in the Postoperative Period.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
