Baggett B, Bruckbauer A, Zemel M Synergistic Effects of Leucine and its Metabolites with Polyphenols on Irisin in Myotubes and Diet-induced Obese Mice. FASEB J. 2013;27:637.11.
Baldwin CE, Paratz JD, Bersten AD Diaphragm and peripheral muscle thickness on ultrasound: intra-rater reliability and variability of a methodology using non-standard recumbent positions. Respirology. 2011 Oct;16(7):1136-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02005.x.
Bear DE, Puthucheary ZA, Hart N Early feeding during critical illness. Lancet Respir Med. 2014 Jan;2(1):15-7. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70262-5. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
Doig GS, Simpson F; Early PN Trial Investigators Group Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a full economic analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial based on US costs. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2013 Jul 22;5:369-79. doi: 10.2147/CEOR.S48821. Print 2013.
Eley HL, Russell ST, Baxter JH, Mukerji P, Tisdale MJ Signaling pathways initiated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Oct;293(4):E923-31. Epub 2007 Jul 3.
Eley HL, Russell ST, Tisdale MJ Attenuation of depression of muscle protein synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and angiotensin II by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;295(6):E1409-16. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90530.2008. Epub 2008 Oct 14.
Fitschen PJ, Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Wilund KR Efficacy of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate supplementation in elderly and clinical populations. Nutrition. 2013 Jan;29(1):29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.005. Epub 2012 Oct 22. Review.
Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, Giannocco G, Nunes MT Chronic supplementation of beta-hydroxy-beta methylbutyrate (HMß) increases the activity of the GH/IGF-I axis and induces hyperinsulinemia in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):57-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.12.006. Epub 2011 Jan 14.
Hao Y, Jackson JR, Wang Y, Edens N, Pereira SL, Alway SE ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate reduces myonuclear apoptosis during recovery from hind limb suspension-induced muscle fiber atrophy in aged rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Sep;301(3):R701-15. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00840.2010. Epub 2011 Jun 22.
Holecek M, Muthny T, Kovarik M, Sispera L Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on protein metabolism in whole body and in selected tissues. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jan;47(1):255-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.021. Epub 2008 Nov 21.
Hsieh LC, Chien SL, Huang MS, Tseng HF, Chang CK Anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic effects of short-term beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in intensive care unit. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(4):544-50.
Hsieh LC, Chow CJ, Chang WC, Liu TH, Chang CK Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on protein metabolism in bed-ridden elderly receiving tube feeding. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):200-8.
Huh JY, Dincer F, Mesfum E, Mantzoros CS Irisin stimulates muscle growth-related genes and regulates adipocyte differentiation and metabolism in humans. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014 Dec;38(12):1538-44. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.42. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
Kornasio R, Riederer I, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Uni Z, Halevy O Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulates myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation and survival via the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 May;1793(5):755-63. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.12.017. Epub 2009 Jan 3.
Kovarik M, Muthny T, Sispera L, Holecek M Effects of ß-hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate treatment in different types of skeletal muscle of intact and septic rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2010 Dec;66(4):311-9. doi: 10.1007/s13105-010-0037-3. Epub 2010 Aug 20.
Molfino A, Gioia G, Rossi Fanelli F, Muscaritoli M Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation in health and disease: a systematic review of randomized trials. Amino Acids. 2013 Dec;45(6):1273-92. doi: 10.1007/s00726-013-1592-z. Epub 2013 Sep 22. Review.
Mourtzakis M, Wischmeyer P Bedside ultrasound measurement of skeletal muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Sep;17(5):389-95. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000088. Review.
Plank LD, Hill GL Similarity of changes in body composition in intensive care patients following severe sepsis or major blunt injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000 May;904:592-602.
Russell ST, Tisdale MJ Mechanism of attenuation by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate of muscle protein degradation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Mol Cell Biochem. 2009 Oct;330(1-2):171-9. doi: 10.1007/s11010-009-0130-5. Epub 2009 Apr 30.
Smith HJ, Mukerji P, Tisdale MJ Attenuation of proteasome-induced proteolysis in skeletal muscle by {beta}-hydroxy-{beta}-methylbutyrate in cancer-induced muscle loss. Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 1;65(1):277-83.
Smith HJ, Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ Mechanism of the attenuation of proteolysis-inducing factor stimulated protein degradation in muscle by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Cancer Res. 2004 Dec 1;64(23):8731-5.
Vanhorebeek I, Van den Berghe G Hormonal and metabolic strategies to attenuate catabolism in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;4(6):621-8. Review.
Zanchi NE, Nicastro H, Lancha AH Jr Potential antiproteolytic effects of L-leucine: observations of in vitro and in vivo studies. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Jul 17;5:20. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-20.
Strategies to Reduce Organic Muscle Atrophy in the Intensive Care Unit (STROMA-ICU)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.