Multiple Sclerosis — Exercise-based Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Citation(s)
Charron S, McKay KA, Tremlett H Physical activity and disability outcomes in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review (2011-2016). Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018 Feb;20:169-177. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.01.021. Epub 2018 Feb 2. Review.
Compston A, Coles A Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2002 Apr 6;359(9313):1221-31. Review. Erratum in: Lancet 2002 Aug 24;360(9333):648.
Edwards T, Pilutti LA The effect of exercise training in adults with multiple sclerosis with severe mobility disability: A systematic review and future research directions. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017 Aug;16:31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.06.003. Epub 2017 Jun 12. Review.
Feinstein A, DeLuca J, Baune BT, Filippi M, Lassman H Cognitive and neuropsychiatric disease manifestations in MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2013 Jan;2(1):4-12. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2012.08.001. Epub 2012 Sep 25. Review.
Golzari Z, Shabkhiz F, Soudi S, Kordi MR, Hashemi SM Combined exercise training reduces IFN-? and IL-17 levels in the plasma and the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women with multiple sclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010 Nov;10(11):1415-9. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.008. Epub 2010 Aug 24.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.