Multiple Sclerosis — Cognitive Functions in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Citation(s)
Amato MP, Zipoli V, Portaccio E Multiple sclerosis-related cognitive changes: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. J Neurol Sci. 2006 Jun 15;245(1-2):41-6. Epub 2006 Apr 27. Review.
Lynch SG, Parmenter BA, Denney DR The association between cognitive impairment and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005 Aug;11(4):469-76.
Rao SM, Grafman J, DiGuilio D, et al Memory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: its relation toworking memory, semantic encoding and implicit learning.Neuropsychology 1993; 7:364-374
Sandroff BM, Pilutti LA, Benedict RH, Motl RW Association between physical fitness and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis: does disability status matter? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015 Mar-Apr;29(3):214-23. doi: 10.1177/1545968314541331. Epub 2014 Jul 8.
The Relationship of Cognitive Functions to Physical and Personal Factors in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
