Almarwani M, Perera S, VanSwearingen JM, Sparto PJ, Brach JS The test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of spatial and temporal gait variability during usual over-ground walking for younger and older adults. Gait Posture. 2016 Feb;44:94-9.
Confavreux C, Vukusic S The clinical epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008 Nov;18(4):589-622, ix-x. doi: 10.1016/j.nic.2008.09.002. Review.
Givon U, Zeilig G, Achiron A Gait analysis in multiple sclerosis: characterization of temporal-spatial parameters using GAITRite functional ambulation system. Gait Posture. 2009 Jan;29(1):138-42. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.07.011. Epub 2008 Oct 31.
Goldman MD, Marrie RA, Cohen JA Evaluation of the six-minute walk in multiple sclerosis subjects and healthy controls. Mult Scler. 2008 Apr;14(3):383-90. Epub 2007 Oct 17.
Goodkin DE EDSS reliability. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ( Pt 1)):332.
Hobart J, Blight AR, Goodman A, Lynn F, Putzki N Timed 25-foot walk: direct evidence that improving 20% or greater is clinically meaningful in MS. Neurology. 2013 Apr 16;80(16):1509-17. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828cf7f3. Epub 2013 Mar 27. Review.
Kalron A, Dvir Z, Achiron A Walking while talking--difficulties incurred during the initial stages of multiple sclerosis disease process. Gait Posture. 2010 Jul;32(3):332-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.06.002. Epub 2010 Jul 1.
Kalron A Gait variability across the disability spectrum in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2016 Feb 15;361:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.012. Epub 2015 Dec 10.
Learmonth YC, Paul L, McFadyen AK, Mattison P, Miller L Reliability and clinical significance of mobility and balance assessments in multiple sclerosis. Int J Rehabil Res. 2012 Mar;35(1):69-74. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e328350b65f.
Moon Y, Wajda DA, Motl RW, Sosnoff JJ Stride-Time Variability and Fall Risk in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Int. 2015;2015:964790. doi: 10.1155/2015/964790. Epub 2015 Dec 30.
Motl RW, Dlugonski D, Suh Y, Weikert M, Fernhall B, Goldman M Accelerometry and its association with objective markers of walking limitations in ambulatory adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Dec;91(12):1942-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr
Sandroff BM, Pilutti LA, Motl RW Does the six-minute walk test measure walking performance or physical fitness in persons with multiple sclerosis? NeuroRehabilitation. 2015;37(1):149-55. doi: 10.3233/NRE-151247.
van Uden CJ, Besser MP Test-retest reliability of temporal and spatial gait characteristics measured with an instrumented walkway system (GAITRite). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 May 17;5:13.
Vlaar AM, Wade DT Verbal fluency assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis: test-retest and inter-observer reliability. Clin Rehabil. 2003 Nov;17(7):756-64.
Wajda DA, Motl RW, Sosnoff JJ Dual task cost of walking is related to fall risk in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2013 Dec 15;335(1-2):160-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.09.021. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
Short and Long Term Fampridine Treatment in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Cognitive and Motor Performances
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.