Motor Neuron Disease — Oxidative Stress in Motor Neuron Disease: COSMOS Add-On Study
Citation(s)
Gordon PH, Cheng B, Katz IB, Mitsumoto H, Rowland LP Clinical features that distinguish PLS, upper motor neuron-dominant ALS, and typical ALS. Neurology. 2009 Jun 2;72(22):1948-52. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a8269b.
Strong MJ, Gordon PH Primary lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: discrete entities or spectrum? Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2005 Mar;6(1):8-16. Review.
Tartaglia MC, Rowe A, Findlater K, Orange JB, Grace G, Strong MJ Differentiation between primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: examination of symptoms and signs at disease onset and during follow-up. Arch Neurol. 2007 Feb;64(2):232-6.
Oxidative Stress in Motor Neuron Disease: COSMOS-PLS Add-On Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
