Morbid Obesity — Esophageal Balloon Guided Weaning of the Morbidly Obese Patient
Citation(s)
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Loring SH, O'Donnell CR, Behazin N, Malhotra A, Sarge T, Ritz R, Novack V, Talmor D Esophageal pressures in acute lung injury: do they represent artifact or useful information about transpulmonary pressure, chest wall mechanics, and lung stress? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Mar;108(3):515-22. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00835.2009. Epub 2009 Dec 17.
Loring SH, Pecchiari M, Della Valle P, Monaco A, Gentile G, D'Angelo E Maintaining end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure prevents worsening of ventilator-induced lung injury caused by chest wall constriction in surfactant-depleted rats. Crit Care Med. 2010 Dec;38(12):2358-64. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fa02b8.
MEAD J, GAENSLER EA Esophageal and pleural pressures in man, upright and supine. J Appl Physiol. 1959 Jan;14(1):81-3.
Talmor DS, Fessler HE Are esophageal pressure measurements important in clinical decision-making in mechanically ventilated patients? Respir Care. 2010 Feb;55(2):162-72; discussion 172-4.
Washko GR, O'Donnell CR, Loring SH Volume-related and volume-independent effects of posture on esophageal and transpulmonary pressures in healthy subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Mar;100(3):753-8. Epub 2005 Nov 23.
Esophageal Balloon Guided Weaning of the Morbidly Obese Patient
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
