Morbid Obesity — Bariatric Surgery and Reactive Hypoglycemia
Citation(s)
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Himpens J, Dapri G, Cadière GB A prospective randomized study between laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy: results after 1 and 3 years. Obes Surg. 2006 Nov;16(11):1450-6.
Lee CM, Cirangle PT, Jossart GH Vertical gastrectomy for morbid obesity in 216 patients: report of two-year results. Surg Endosc. 2007 Oct;21(10):1810-6.
Livingston EH The incidence of bariatric surgery has plateaued in the U.S. Am J Surg. 2010 Sep;200(3):378-85. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.11.007.
Marsk R, Jonas E, Rasmussen F, Näslund E Nationwide cohort study of post-gastric bypass hypoglycaemia including 5,040 patients undergoing surgery for obesity in 1986-2006 in Sweden. Diabetologia. 2010 Nov;53(11):2307-11. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1798-5.
Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Butler PC Comment to: Patti ME, McMahon G, Mun EC et al. (2005) Severe hypoglycaemia post-gastric bypass requiring partial pancreatectomy: evidence for inappropriate insulin secretion and pancreatic islet hyperplasia. Diabetologia 48:2236-2240. Diabetologia. 2006 Mar;49(3):607-8; author reply 609-10.
Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA. 2012 Feb 1;307(5):483-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.40.
Regan JP, Inabnet WB, Gagner M, Pomp A Early experience with two-stage laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as an alternative in the super-super obese patient. Obes Surg. 2003 Dec;13(6):861-4.
Roslin M, Damani T, Oren J, Andrews R, Yatco E, Shah P Abnormal glucose tolerance testing following gastric bypass demonstrates reactive hypoglycemia. Surg Endosc. 2011 Jun;25(6):1926-32. doi: 10.1007/s00464-010-1489-9.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
