Microbiota — Project SHARE (motherS Have All the Right microbEs)
Citation(s)
Capone KA, Dowd SE, Stamatas GN, Nikolovski J Diversity of the human skin microbiome early in life. J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Oct;131(10):2026-32. doi: 10.1038/jid.2011.168. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
Dowd SE, Sun Y, Wolcott RD, Domingo A, Carroll JA Bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) for microbiome studies: bacterial diversity in the ileum of newly weaned Salmonella-infected pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008 Aug;5(4):459-72. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0107.
Johnson CL, Versalovic J The human microbiome and its potential importance to pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2012 May;129(5):950-60. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2736. Epub 2012 Apr 2. Review.
Madan JC, Farzan SF, Hibberd PL, Karagas MR Normal neonatal microbiome variation in relation to environmental factors, infection and allergy. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012 Dec;24(6):753-9. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32835a1ac8. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
