Microalbuminuria — Microalbuminuria Predicting CIAKI After CAG
Citation(s)
Baber U, Mann D, Shimbo D, Woodward M, Olin JW, Muntner P Combined role of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009 Nov 15;104(10):1446-51. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.06.068.
Meng H, Wu P, Zhao Y, Xu Z, Wang ZM, Li C, Wang L, Yang Z Microalbuminuria in patients with preserved renal function as a risk factor for contrast-Induced acute kidney injury following invasive coronary angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2016 Jun;85(6):1063-7. d
National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Feb;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266.
Sany D, Refaat H, Elshahawy Y, Mohab A, Ezzat H Frequency and risk factors of contrast-induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterization in type II diabetic patients: a study among Egyptian patients. Ren Fail. 2014 Mar;36(2):191-7. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2013.843400. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
Stehouwer CD, Smulders YM Microalbuminuria and risk for cardiovascular disease: Analysis of potential mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Aug;17(8):2106-11. Epub 2006 Jul 6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
