Clyde DF Immunity to falciparum and vivax malaria induced by irradiated sporozoites: a review of the University of Maryland studies, 1971-75. Bull World Health Organ. 1990;68 Suppl:9-12. Review.
Clyde DF Immunization of man against falciparum and vivax malaria by use of attenuated sporozoites. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 May;24(3):397-401.
Collins WE, Jeffery GM Primaquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996 Sep;55(3):243-9. Review.
Danis M [Therapeutic advances against malaria in 2003]. Med Trop (Mars). 2003;63(3):267-70. Review. French.
Duarte EC, Pang LW, Ribeiro LC, Fontes CJ Association of subtherapeutic dosages of a standard drug regimen with failures in preventing relapses of vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Nov;65(5):471-6.
Genton B, Corradin G Malaria vaccines: from the laboratory to the field. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2002 Oct;2(3):255-67. Review.
George FW 4th, Law JL, Rich KA, Martin WJ Identification of a T-cell epitope on the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun. 1990 Feb;58(2):575-8.
Glynn JR, Bradley DJ Inoculum size and severity of malaria induced with Plasmodium ovale. Acta Trop. 1995 Mar;59(1):65-70.
Glynn JR, Bradley DJ Inoculum size, incubation period and severity of malaria. Analysis of data from malaria therapy records. Parasitology. 1995 Jan;110 ( Pt 1):7-19.
Glynn JR Infecting dose and severity of malaria: a literature review of induced malaria. J Trop Med Hyg. 1994 Oct;97(5):300-16. Review.
Golenda CF, Li J, Rosenberg R Continuous in vitro propagation of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6786-91.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
