Chen X, Shi X, Wu Y, Zhou Z, Chen S, Han Y, Shan C Gamma oscillations and application of 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation to improve brain function. Brain Behav. 2022 Dec;12(12):e2811. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2811. Epub 2022 Nov 14.
Colgin LL, Moser EI Gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. Physiology (Bethesda). 2010 Oct;25(5):319-29. doi: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2010.
Duman RS, Aghajanian GK, Sanacora G, Krystal JH Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants. Nat Med. 2016 Mar;22(3):238-49. doi: 10.1038/nm.4050.
Fitzgerald PJ, Watson BO Gamma oscillations as a biomarker for major depression: an emerging topic. Transl Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 4;8(1):177. doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0239-y.
Godlewska BR, Harmer CJ Cognitive neuropsychological theory of antidepressant action: a modern-day approach to depression and its treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021 May;238(5):1265-1278. doi: 10.1007/s00213-019-05448-0. Epub 2020 Jan 15.
Martiny K, Lunde M, Unden M, Dam H, Bech P Adjunctive bright light in non-seasonal major depression: results from clinician-rated depression scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005 Aug;112(2):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00574.x.
A Double-blinded, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of 40 Hz Light Neurostimulation Therapy for Patients With Depression
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
