Major Depressive Disorder — Behavioral Activation and Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Depressed Smokers
Citation(s)
Anthenelli RM, Morris C, Ramey TS, Dubrava SJ, Tsilkos K, Russ C, Yunis C Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in adults with stably treated current or past major depression: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Sep 17;159(6):390-400. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00005. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2013 Oct 15;159(8):576.
Gierisch JM, Bastian LA, Calhoun PS, McDuffie JR, Williams JW Jr Smoking cessation interventions for patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2012 Mar;27(3):351-60. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1915-2. Epub 2011 Oct 26. Review.
Hitsman B, Moss TG, Montoya ID, George TP Treatment of tobacco dependence in mental health and addictive disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;54(6):368-78. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
