Bolla S, Boinpally RR, Poondru S, Devaraj R, Jasti BR Pharmacokinetics of diethylcarbamazine after single oral dose at two different times of day in human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Mar;42(3):327-31. doi: 10.1177/00912700222011247.
Budge PJ, Herbert C, Andersen BJ, Weil GJ Adverse events following single dose treatment of lymphatic filariasis: Observations from a review of the literature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 May 16;12(5):e0006454. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006454. eCollection 2018 May.
Chhonker YS, Sleightholm RL, Murry DJ Bioanalytical method development and validation of moxidectin in plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to in vitro metabolism. Biomed Chromatogr. 2019 Feb;33(2):e4389. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4389. Epub 2018 Oct 30.
Edi C, Bjerum CM, Ouattara AF, Chhonker YS, Penali LK, Meite A, Koudou BG, Weil GJ, King CL, Murry DJ Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a single co-administered dose of diethylcarbamazine, albendazole and ivermectin in adults with and without Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Cote d'Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 May 20;13(5):e0007325. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007325. eCollection 2019 May.
Geary TG Ivermectin 20 years on: maturation of a wonder drug. Trends Parasitol. 2005 Nov;21(11):530-2. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.014. Epub 2005 Aug 26.
Kitzman D, Cheng KJ, Fleckenstein L HPLC assay for albendazole and metabolites in human plasma for clinical pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2002 Oct 15;30(3):801-13. doi: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00382-5.
Kitzman D, Wei SY, Fleckenstein L Liquid chromatographic assay of ivermectin in human plasma for application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Mar 3;40(4):1013-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.026. Epub 2005 Oct 19.
McGarry HF, Plant LD, Taylor MJ Diethylcarbamazine activity against Brugia malayi microfilariae is dependent on inducible nitric-oxide synthase and the cyclooxygenase pathway. Filaria J. 2005 Jun 2;4:4. doi: 10.1186/1475-2883-4-4.
Molyneux DH, Hopkins A, Bradley MH, Kelly-Hope LA Multidimensional complexities of filariasis control in an era of large-scale mass drug administration programmes: a can of worms. Parasit Vectors. 2014 Aug 15;7:363. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-363.
Moreno Y, Nabhan JF, Solomon J, Mackenzie CD, Geary TG Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 16;107(46):20120-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011983107. Epub 2010 Nov 1.
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Richards FO Jr, Eberhard ML Changes in circulating parasite antigen levels after treatment of bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin. J Infect Dis. 1991 Oct;164(4):814-6. doi: 10.1093/infdis/164.4.814.
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Moxidectin Combination Treatments vs. Ivermectin Combination Treatments for Bancroftian Filariasis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.