Lung Diseases — Neurocognitive Function in Snoring Children
Citation(s)
Beebe DW, Gozal D Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res. 2002 Mar;11(1):1-16. Review.
Crabtree VM, Ivanenko A, Gozal D Clinical and parental assessment of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder referred to a pediatric sleep medicine center. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003 Nov-Dec;42(9):807-13.
Gozal D, Burnside MM Increased upper airway collapsibility in children with obstructive sleep apnea during wakefulness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Jan 15;169(2):163-7. Epub 2003 Oct 2.
Gozal D, Lipton AJ, Jones KL Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2002 Feb 1;25(1):59-65.
Gozal D, O'Brien L, Row BW Consequences of snoring and sleep disordered breathing in children. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 2004;26:166-8.
Gozal D, O'Brien LM Snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in children: why should we treat? Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5 Suppl A:S371-6. Review.
Gozal D, Simakajornboon N Passive motion of the extremities modifies alveolar ventilation during sleep in patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Nov;162(5):1747-51.
Gozal D Morbidity of obstructive sleep apnea in children: facts and theory. Sleep Breath. 2001;5(1):35-42. Review.
Gozal D New concepts in abnormalities of respiratory control in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Jun;16(3):305-8. Review.
O'Brien LM, Gozal D Behavioural and neurocognitive implications of snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in children: facts and theory. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002 Mar;3(1):3-9. Review.
O'Brien LM, Gozal D Neurocognitive dysfunction and sleep in children: from human to rodent. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004 Feb;51(1):187-202. Review.
Tauman R, O'Brien LM, Ivanenko A, Gozal D Obesity rather than severity of sleep-disordered breathing as the major determinant of insulin resistance and altered lipidemia in snoring children. Pediatrics. 2005 Jul;116(1):e66-73.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
