Alford CE, King TE Jr, Campbell PA Role of transferrin, transferrin receptors, and iron in macrophage listericidal activity. J Exp Med. 1991 Aug 1;174(2):459-66.
Buschman DL, Waldron JA Jr, King TE Jr Churg-Strauss pulmonary vasculitis. High-resolution computed tomography scanning and pathologic findings. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990 Aug;142(2):458-61.
Carré PC, Mortenson RL, King TE Jr, Noble PW, Sable CL, Riches DW Increased expression of the interleukin-8 gene by alveolar macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A potential mechanism for the recruitment and activation of neutrophils in lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1991 Dec;88(6):1802-10.
Janson RW, Hance KR, King TE Jr Human alveolar macrophages produce predominantly the 35-kD pro-forms of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 May;151(5):1613-20.
Lynch DA, Rose CS, Way D, King TE Jr Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: sensitivity of high-resolution CT in a population-based study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Sep;159(3):469-72.
Ohta K, Mortenson RL, Clark RA, Hirose N, King TE Jr Immunohistochemical identification and characterization of smooth muscle-like cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Nov;152(5 Pt 1):1659-65.
Savici D, Campbell PA, King TE Jr Bronchoalveolar macrophages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are unable to kill facultative intracellular bacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jan;139(1):22-7.
Shaw RJ, Benedict SH, Clark RA, King TE Jr Pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease. Alveolar macrophage PDGF(B) gene activation and up-regulation by interferon gamma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Jan;143(1):167-73.
Tomioka R, King TE Jr Gold-induced pulmonary disease: clinical features, outcome, and differentiation from rheumatoid lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Mar;155(3):1011-20. Review.
Willcox M, Kervitsky A, Watters LC, King TE Jr Quantification of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Comparison of cytocentrifuge preparations with the filter method. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jul;138(1):74-80.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
