Lung Cancer — Thoracotomy Closure Technique and Postoperative Pain Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Citation(s)
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Bayram AS, Ozcan M, Kaya FN, Gebitekin C Rib approximation without intercostal nerve compression reduces post-thoracotomy pain: a prospective randomized study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011 Apr;39(4):570-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.08.003. Epub 2010 Sep
Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Maniscalco LM A nondivided intercostal muscle flap further reduces pain of thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Jun;85(6):1901-6; discussion 1906-7. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.01.041.
Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Patel B, Bartolucci AA Intercostal muscle flap reduces the pain of thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Oct;130(4):987-93.
Wu N, Yan S, Wang X, Lv C, Wang J, Zheng Q, Feng Y, Yang Y A prospective, single-blind randomised study on the effect of intercostal nerve protection on early post-thoracotomy pain relief. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 Apr;37(4):840-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejc
Thoracotomy Closure Technique and Postoperative Pain Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.