Aadahl M, Kjaer M, Jorgensen T Associations between overall physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(6):369-78. doi: 10.1007/s10654-006-9100-3. Epub 2007 Feb 28.
Bammann K, Thomson NK, Albrecht BM, Buchan DS, Easton C Generation and validation of ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer cut-points for assessing physical activity intensity in older adults. The OUTDOOR ACTIVE validation study. PLoS One. 2021 Jun 3;16(6):e0252615. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252615. eCollection 2021.
Harding P, Holland AE, Delany C, Hinman RS Do activity levels increase after total hip and knee arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 May;472(5):1502-11. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3427-3. Epub 2013 Dec 19.
Kovacs FM, Urrutia G, Alarcon JD Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Sep 15;36(20):E1335-51. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31820c97b1.
Lee BH, Moon SH, Suk KS, Kim HS, Yang JH, Lee HM Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Pathophysiology and Treatment Principle: A Narrative Review. Asian Spine J. 2020 Oct;14(5):682-693. doi: 10.31616/asj.2020.0472. Epub 2020 Oct 14.
Liu K, Liu P, Liu R, Wu X, Cai M Steroid for epidural injection in spinal stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Jan 30;9:707-16. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S78070. eCollection 2015.
Lurie J, Tomkins-Lane C Management of lumbar spinal stenosis. BMJ. 2016 Jan 4;352:h6234. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6234.
MacIntosh BR, Murias JM, Keir DA, Weir JM What Is Moderate to Vigorous Exercise Intensity? Front Physiol. 2021 Sep 22;12:682233. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682233. eCollection 2021.
Melanson EL Jr, Freedson PS Physical activity assessment: a review of methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1996 May;36(5):385-96. doi: 10.1080/10408399609527732.
Norden J, Smuck M, Sinha A, Hu R, Tomkins-Lane C Objective measurement of free-living physical activity (performance) in lumbar spinal stenosis: are physical activity guidelines being met? Spine J. 2017 Jan;17(1):26-33. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2016.10.016. Epub 2016 Oct 25.
Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks. Korean J Fam Med. 2020 Nov;41(6):365-373. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.20.0165. Epub 2020 Nov 19.
Schroeder GD, Kurd MF, Vaccaro AR Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: How Is It Classified? J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016 Dec;24(12):843-852. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00034.
Sengupta DK, Herkowitz HN Lumbar spinal stenosis. Treatment strategies and indications for surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2003 Apr;34(2):281-95. doi: 10.1016/s0030-5898(02)00069-x.
Sliepen M, Lipperts M, Tjur M, Mechlenburg I Use of accelerometer-based activity monitoring in orthopaedics: benefits, impact and practical considerations. EFORT Open Rev. 2020 Jan 28;4(12):678-685. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.180041. eCollection 2019 Dec.
Smuck M, Muaremi A, Zheng P, Norden J, Sinha A, Hu R, Tomkins-Lane C Objective measurement of function following lumbar spinal stenosis decompression reveals improved functional capacity with stagnant real-life physical activity. Spine J. 2018 Jan;18(1):15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.262. Epub 2017 Sep 28.
von Rottkay E, Rackwitz L, Rudert M, Noth U, Reichert JC Function and activity after minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty compared to a healthy population. Int Orthop. 2018 Feb;42(2):297-302. doi: 10.1007/s00264-017-3541-z. Epub 2017 Jul 12.
Westerterp KR Assessment of physical activity: a critical appraisal. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Apr;105(6):823-8. doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1000-2. Epub 2009 Feb 11.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.