Lumbar Spinal Stenosis — Prediction of TEI Success in Sciatica
Citation(s)
Billy GG, Lin J, Gao M, Chow MX Predictive Factors of the Effectiveness of Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections in Managing Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain and Radiculopathy. Clin Spine Surg. 2017 Jul;30(6):E833-E838. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000454.
Lee JW, Kim SH, Lee IS, Choi JA, Choi JY, Hong SH, Kang HS Therapeutic effect and outcome predictors of sciatica treated using transforaminal epidural steroid injection. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006 Dec;187(6):1427-31. doi: 10.2214/AJR.05.1727.
McCormick Z, Cushman D, Casey E, Garvan C, Kennedy DJ, Plastaras C Factors associated with pain reduction after transforaminal epidural steroid injection for lumbosacral radicular pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Dec;95(12):2350-6. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.404. Epub 2014 Aug 7.
Sencan S, Celenlioglu AE, Asadov R, Gunduz OH Predictive factors for treatment success of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in lumbar disc herniation-induced sciatica. Turk J Med Sci. 2020 Feb 13;50(1):126-131. doi: 10.3906/sag-1908-167.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
