Bae HI, Kim DY, Sung YH Effects of a static stretch using a load on low back pain patients with shortened tensor fascia lata. J Exerc Rehabil. 2017 Apr 30;13(2):227-231. doi: 10.12965/jer.1734910.455. eCollection 2017 Apr.
Baig AAM, Ahmed SI, Ali SS, Rahmani A, Siddiqui F Role of posterior-anterior vertebral mobilization versus thermotherapy in non specific lower back pain. Pak J Med Sci. 2018 Mar-Apr;34(2):435-439. doi: 10.12669/pjms.342.12402.
Bernstein IA, Malik Q, Carville S, Ward S Low back pain and sciatica: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2017 Jan 6;356:i6748. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6748. Erratum in: BMJ. 2021 Jul 14;374:n1627.
Blyth FM, Noguchi N Chronic musculoskeletal pain and its impact on older people. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017 Apr;31(2):160-168. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.10.004. Epub 2017 Nov 4. Review.
Goubert D, Oosterwijck JV, Meeus M, Danneels L Structural Changes of Lumbar Muscles in Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician. 2016 Sep-Oct;19(7):E985-E1000. Review.
Hodges PW, Danneels L Changes in Structure and Function of the Back Muscles in Low Back Pain: Different Time Points, Observations, and Mechanisms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Jun;49(6):464-476. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8827.
Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R The Epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Dec;24(6):769-81. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002. Review.
Nadler SF, Weingand K, Kruse RJ The physiologic basis and clinical applications of cryotherapy and thermotherapy for the pain practitioner. Pain Physician. 2004 Jul;7(3):395-9.
Roland M, Fairbank J The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3115-24. Review. Erratum in: Spine 2001 Apr 1;26(7):847.
Walker J Back pain: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Nurs Stand. 2012 Dec 5-11;27(14):49-56; quiz 58.
Yu SH, Sim YH, Kim MH, Bang JH, Son KH, Kim JW, Kim HJ The effect of abdominal drawing-in exercise and myofascial release on pain, flexibility, and balance of elderly females. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Oct;28(10):2812-2815. Epub 2016 Oct 28.
Myofascial Release Technique vs Posterior-anterior Glide on Non-specific Low Back Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
