Low Back Pain — Age Bias on Biopsychosocial Factors in Persons With Non-specific Low Back Pain.
Citation(s)
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GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1789-1858. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7. Epub 2018 Nov 8. Erratum In: Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190):e44.
Hartvigsen J, Christensen K, Frederiksen H Back pain remains a common symptom in old age. a population-based study of 4486 Danish twins aged 70-102. Eur Spine J. 2003 Oct;12(5):528-34. doi: 10.1007/s00586-003-0542-y. Epub 2003 May 14.
Hebert JJ, Koppenhaver SL, Walker BF Subgrouping patients with low back pain: a treatment-based approach to classification. Sports Health. 2011 Nov;3(6):534-42. doi: 10.1177/1941738111415044.
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
