Low Back Pain — Assessment of LTP-like Pain Amplification in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Citation(s)
Biurrun Manresa JA, Mørch CD, Andersen OK Long-term facilitation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes following low-frequency conditioning electrical stimulation: a new model for central sensitization in humans. Eur J Pain. 2010 Sep;14(8):822-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.12.008. Epub 2010 Jan 27.
Melzack R The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987 Aug;30(2):191-7.
Mørch CD, Hennings K, Andersen OK Estimating nerve excitation thresholds to cutaneous electrical stimulation by finite element modeling combined with a stochastic branching nerve fiber model. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2011 Apr;49(4):385-95. doi: 10.1007/s11517-010-0725-8. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
Mouraux A, Iannetti GD, Plaghki L Low intensity intra-epidermal electrical stimulation can activate Ad-nociceptors selectively. Pain. 2010 Jul;150(1):199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.026. Epub 2010 May 26. Erratum in: Pain. 2011 May;152(5):1212.
Xia W, Mørch CD, Andersen OK Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Hz Conditioning Electrical Stimulation Inducing Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)-Like Pain Amplification in Humans. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 16;11(8):e0161117. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161117. eCollection 2016.
Assessment of Long-term Potentiation (LTP)-Like Pain Amplification in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
