Chang BH, Sommers E Acupuncture and relaxation response for craving and anxiety reduction among military veterans in recovery from substance use disorder. Am J Addict. 2014 Mar-Apr;23(2):129-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12079.x. Epub 2013 Aug 30.
Cohen SP, Griffith S, Larkin TM, Villena F, Larkin R Presentation, diagnoses, mechanisms of injury, and treatment of soldiers injured in Operation Iraqi Freedom: an epidemiological study conducted at two military pain management centers. Anesth Analg. 2005 Oct;101(4):1098-103, table of contents.
Corwell BN The emergency department evaluation, management, and treatment of back pain. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010 Nov;28(4):811-39. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2010.06.001. Epub 2010 Aug 4. Review.
Gondusky JS, Reiter MP Protecting military convoys in Iraq: an examination of battle injuries sustained by a mechanized battalion during Operation Iraqi Freedom II. Mil Med. 2005 Jun;170(6):546-9.
Jones D, Shug S Opioids in chronic pain of non-malignant origin: an interim consensus. N Z Med J. 1995 Nov 24;108(1012):492.
Kim KH, Lee BR, Ryu JH, Choi TY, Yang GY The role of acupuncture in emergency department settings: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2013 Feb;21(1):65-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.12.004. Epub 2012 Dec 29. Review.
Lande RG Sleep problems, posttraumatic stress, and mood disorders among active-duty service members. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014 Feb;114(2):83-9. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.021.
Lazar SG The mental health needs of military service members and veterans. Psychodyn Psychiatry. 2014 Sep;42(3):459-78. doi: 10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.459. Review.
Lew HL, Otis JD, Tun C, Kerns RD, Clark ME, Cifu DX Prevalence of chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and persistent postconcussive symptoms in OIF/OEF veterans: polytrauma clinical triad. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(6):697-702.
Outcalt SD, Ang DC, Wu J, Sargent C, Yu Z, Bair MJ Pain experience of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans with comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(4):559-70. doi: 10.1682/JRRD.2013.06.0134.
Seal KH, Metzler TJ, Gima KS, Bertenthal D, Maguen S, Marmar CR Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008. Am J Public Health. 2009 Sep;99(9):1651-8. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284. Epub 2009 Jul 16.
Seal KH, Shi Y, Cohen G, Cohen BE, Maguen S, Krebs EE, Neylan TC Association of mental health disorders with prescription opioids and high-risk opioid use in US veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. JAMA. 2012 Mar 7;307(9):940-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.234. Erratum in: JAMA. 2012 Jun 20;307(23):2489.
Vas J, Aguilar I, Perea-Milla E, Méndez C Effectiveness of acupuncture and related techniques in treating non-oncological pain in primary healthcare--an audit. Acupunct Med. 2007 Jun;25(1-2):41-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.