Loneliness — The Effect of Laughter Yoga on Loneliness, Anger and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Visually Impaired Individuals
Citation(s)
Kuru Alici N, Zorba Bahceli P, Emiroglu ON The preliminary effects of laughter therapy on loneliness and death anxiety among older adults living in nursing homes: A nonrandomised pilot study. Int J Older People Nurs. 2018 Dec;13(4):e12206. doi: 10.1111/opn.12206. Epub 2018 Jul 13.
Kuru Alici N, Zorba Bahceli P Effects of Laughter Therapy on Life Satisfaction and Loneliness in Older Adults Living in Nursing Homes in Turkey: A Parallel Group Randomized Controlled Trial. Rehabil Nurs. 2021 Mar-Apr 01;46(2):104-112. doi: 10.1097/RNJ.0000000000000266.
Lee JS, Lee SK The Effects of Laughter Therapy for the Relief of Employment-Stress in Korean Student Nurses by Assessing Psychological Stress Salivary Cortisol and Subjective Happiness. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020 Feb;11(1):44-52. doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.1.07.
Ozturk FO, Bayraktar EP, Tezel A The effect of laughter yoga on loneliness, psychological resilience, and quality of life in older adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Nurs. 2023 Mar-Apr;50:208-214. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.01.009. Epub 2023 Feb 15.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
