Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer — Comparison of Short Term Outcomes Between Totally Laparoscopic and Laparoscopy-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy With Billroth-II Reconstruction and D2 Lymphadenectomy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer
Citation(s)
Han G, Park JY, Kim YJ Comparison of short-term postoperative outcomes in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy versus laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy. J Gastric Cancer. 2014 Jun;14(2):105-10. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.2.105. Epub 2014 Jun 30. Erratum in: J Gastric Cancer. 2014 Dec;14(4):284.
Kim BS, Yook JH, Choi YB, Kim KC, Kim MG, Kim TH, Kawada H, Kim BS Comparison of early outcomes of intracorporeal and extracorporeal gastroduodenostomy after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011 Jun;21(5):387-91. doi: 10.1089/lap.2010.0515. Epub 2011 May 11.
Kim MG, Kim KC, Kim BS, Kim TH, Kim HS, Yook JH, Kim BS A totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy can be an effective way of performing laparoscopic gastrectomy in obese patients (body mass index=30). World J Surg. 2011 Jun;35(6):1327-32. doi: 10.1007/s00268-011-1034-6.
Lee J, Kim D, Kim W Comparison of laparoscopy-assisted and totally laparoscopic Billroth-II distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. J Korean Surg Soc. 2012 Mar;82(3):135-42. doi: 10.4174/jkss.2012.82.3.135. Epub 2012 Feb 27.
Song KY, Park CH, Kang HC, Kim JJ, Park SM, Jun KH, Chin HM, Hur H Is totally laparoscopic gastrectomy less invasive than laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy?: prospective, multicenter study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Jun;12(6):1015-21. doi: 10.1007/s11605-008-0484-0. Epub 2008 Feb 7.
Woo J, Lee JH, Shim KN, Jung HK, Lee HM, Lee HK Does the Difference of Invasiveness between Totally Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy and Laparoscopy-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy Lead to a Difference in Early Surgical Outcomes? A Prospective Randomized Trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(6):1836-43. doi: 10.1245/s10434-014-4229-x. Epub 2014 Nov 14.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
