Liver Transplant; Complications — Response of Cardiovascular Parameters to Physical Therapy Post Liver Transplantation
Citation(s)
Kwon HM, Jun IG, Jung KW, Moon YJ, Shin WJ, Song JG, Hwang GS Pretransplant Resting Heart Rate and Its Association With All-Cause Mortality in Liver Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc. 2017 Jun;49(5):1092-1096. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.03.043.
Watt KD, Pedersen RA, Kremers WK, Heimbach JK, Charlton MR Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post-liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant. 2010 Jun;10(6):1420-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03126.x. Epub 2010 May 10.
Wong F, Liu P, Lilly L, Bomzon A, Blendis L Role of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in the pathogenesis of hyperdynamic circulation and renal sodium retention in cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999 Sep;97(3):259-67.
Zaky A, Bendjelid K Appraising cardiac dysfunction in liver transplantation: an ongoing challenge. Liver Int. 2015 Jan;35(1):12-29. doi: 10.1111/liv.12582. Epub 2014 Jun 5. Review.
Response of Cardiovascular Parameters to Physical Therapy Post Liver Transplantation
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
