Liver Failure — Nomogram Analysis for HBV Related Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure
Citation(s)
Duseja A, Choudhary NS, Gupta S, Dhiman RK, Chawla Y APACHE II score is superior to SOFA, CTP and MELD in predicting the short-term mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). J Dig Dis. 2013 Sep;14(9):484-90. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12074.
Lin B, Pan CQ, Xie D, Xie J, Xie S, Zhang X, Wu B, Lin C, Gao Z Entecavir improves the outcome of acute-on-chronic liver failure due to the acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int. 2013 Jun;7(2):460-7. doi: 10.1007/s12072-012-9415-y. Epub 2013 Feb 11.
Luo Y, Xu Y, Li M, Xie Y, Gong G A new multiparameter integrated MELD model for prognosis of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Aug;95(34):e4696. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004696.
Peng Y, Qi X, Tang S, Deng H, Li J, Ning Z, Dai J, Hou F, Zhao J, Wang R, Guo X Child-Pugh, MELD, and ALBI scores for predicting the in-hospital mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Aug;10(8):971-80. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2016.1177788. Epub 2016 Apr 25.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
