Basuk PM, Isenberg JI Gastric lavage in patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Yea or nay? Arch Intern Med. 1990 Jul;150(7):1379-80.
Cappell MS, Scarpa PJ, Nadler S, Miller SH Complications of nasoenteral tubes. Intragastric tube knotting and intragastric tube breakage. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992 Mar;14(2):144-7.
Cappell MS Safety and efficacy of nasogastric intubation for gastrointestinal bleeding after myocardial infarction: an analysis of 125 patients at two tertiary cardiac referral hospitals. Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Nov;50(11):2063-70.
Lee SD, Kearney DJ A randomized controlled trial of gastric lavage prior to endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Nov-Dec;38(10):861-5.
Levy H Nasogastric and nasoenteric feeding tubes. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998 Jul;8(3):529-49. Review.
Luk GD, Bynum TE, Hendrix TR Gastric aspiration in localization of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. JAMA. 1979 Feb 9;241(6):576-8.
Peterson WL Evaluation and initial management of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981;3(Suppl 2):79-84.
The Role of Routine Placement of Nasogastric Tube in Patients With Suspected Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
