Listening Effort — Behavioral Manifestations of Listening Effort
Citation(s)
Downs DW Effects of hearing and use on speech discrimination and listening effort. J Speech Hear Disord. 1982 May;47(2):189-93. doi: 10.1044/jshd.4702.189.
Hick CB, Tharpe AM Listening effort and fatigue in school-age children with and without hearing loss. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2002 Jun;45(3):573-84. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2002/046).
Hornsby BW The effects of hearing aid use on listening effort and mental fatigue associated with sustained speech processing demands. Ear Hear. 2013 Sep;34(5):523-34. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31828003d8.
Howard CS, Munro KJ, Plack CJ Listening effort at signal-to-noise ratios that are typical of the school classroom. Int J Audiol. 2010 Dec;49(12):928-32. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2010.520036. Epub 2010 Nov 4.
Kahneman D 1973. Attention and Effort, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Killion MC, Niquette PA, Gudmundsen GI, Revit LJ, Banerjee S Development of a quick speech-in-noise test for measuring signal-to-noise ratio loss in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. J Acoust Soc Am. 2004 Oct;116(4 Pt 1):2395-405. doi: 10.1121/1.1784440. Erratum In: J Acoust Soc Am. 2006 Mar;119(3):1888.
Koelewijn T, Zekveld AA, Festen JM, Kramer SE Pupil dilation uncovers extra listening effort in the presence of a single-talker masker. Ear Hear. 2012 Mar-Apr;33(2):291-300. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182310019.
Kramer S E., Lorens A., Coninx F., Zekveld A.A., Piotrowska A. et al. Processing load during listening: The influence of task characteristics on the pupil response. Lang Cognitive Proc, 2012. 28: p.426 - 442.
Laeng B, Sirois S, Gredeback G Pupillometry: A Window to the Preconscious? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2012 Jan;7(1):18-27. doi: 10.1177/1745691611427305. Epub 2012 Jan 5.
McGarrigle R, Munro KJ, Dawes P, Stewart AJ, Moore DR, Barry JG, Amitay S Listening effort and fatigue: what exactly are we measuring? A British Society of Audiology Cognition in Hearing Special Interest Group 'white paper'. Int J Audiol. 2014 Jul;53(7):433-40. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2014.890296. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
Noble W, Gatehouse S Effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aid fitting on abilities measured by the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ). Int J Audiol. 2006 Mar;45(3):172-81. doi: 10.1080/14992020500376933.
Picou EM, Ricketts TA, Hornsby BW Visual cues and listening effort: individual variability. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011 Oct;54(5):1416-30. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0154). Epub 2011 Apr 15.
Piquado T, Isaacowitz D, Wingfield A Pupillometry as a measure of cognitive effort in younger and older adults. Psychophysiology. 2010 May 1;47(3):560-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00947.x. Epub 2010 Jan 11.
Zekveld AA, Kramer SE, Festen JM Cognitive load during speech perception in noise: the influence of age, hearing loss, and cognition on the pupil response. Ear Hear. 2011 Jul-Aug;32(4):498-510. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31820512bb.
Zekveld AA, Kramer SE, Festen JM Pupil response as an indication of effortful listening: the influence of sentence intelligibility. Ear Hear. 2010 Aug;31(4):480-90. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181d4f251.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.