Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy — Operative Difficulty Grading Scale for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in BPKIHS
Citation(s)
Ahmed N, Hassan MU, Tahira M, Samad A, Rana HN Intra-Operative Predictors of difficult cholecystectomy and Conversion to Open Cholecystectomy - A New Scoring System. Pak J Med Sci. 2018 Jan-Feb;34(1):62-66. doi: 10.12669/pjms.341.13302.
Chandio A, Timmons S, Majeed A, Twomey A, Aftab F Factors influencing the successful completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JSLS. 2009 Oct-Dec;13(4):581-6. doi: 10.4293/108680809X1258998404560.
Jameel SM, Bahaddin MM, Mohammed AA Grading operative findings at laparoscopic cholecystectomy following the new scoring system in Duhok governorate: Cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2020 Oct 23;60:266-270. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.10.035. eCo
Operative Difficulty Grading Scale for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in BPKIHS
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
